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It is the hope of the author that it may serve the purpose intended. The spelling is the same which is used in official Swedish text¬ books. In preparing this volume many Swedish texts have been consulted, particularly Sundens Svenslc Spraklam.

The others are too numerous to mention. May it serve English speaking students to get familiar with the beautiful Swedish language and its immensely rich literature. That is the only reason for the appearance of this book, as well as the ardent wish of The Author. Rules for indicating the various sounds in writing. The noun. Syntactical Notes. The Sentence. The Noun. The Adjective. The Pronoun.. T2 9 VII. Proper Names. The Roman alphabet is used almost exclusively in present day Swedish.

In older writings, and sometimes even now, the so-called German alphabet is used. Swedish script is practically the same as the English. The Swedish language employs twenty-seven princi¬ pal sounds, and twenty-nine letters to represent these sounds in writing. These letters, their names—in Swedish—and their sounds, are as follows. Note that the names and long sounds of the vowels are identical. Aa a as a in father, arm.

Bb be as b in English. Cc se as c in English. Dd de as d in English. Ee e as a in name, same. Ff eff as f or v in English. Gg ge hard g as g in go or y in yield. Hh ha as h in English. Ii i as ee in eel, feel. Jj ji as y in yield, yet. Kk ka as k or ch in English. LI all as 1 in English. Mm am as m in English. Nn an as n in English. Oo o as oo in mood or o in move. Pp pe as p in English. Qq ku as k in English. Rr arr as r in English but some¬ what sharper.

Ss ass as s in English. Tt te as t in English. Uu u nearly as u in lute, only more rounded and pointed. Vv ve as v in English. YV w dubbelt ve as v in English. Xx ax as x in English. Yy y as ii in German and nearly as u in French. Zz sata as s in English. Aa o a as long sound of o in Eng lish, go, no. Aa a as ea in bear or a in make 06 6 as eu in French. The combinations tj, sj, and ng are commonly used to represent three sounds which have no sign of their own, but are indicated in various ways in writing.

The tj—tje-ljudet, the tje-sound—represents the same sound as sh in English; and ng—ang-ljudet, the ang-sound—the same sound as ng in English. The sj—sje-ljudet, the sje-sound—represents a sound peculiar to the Swedish; it is similar to'the sound of g and j in French, but sharper. It must be learned orally with the aid of a com¬ petent teacher; and in order to insure a good and correct pronunciation it is well to treat the other sounds in the same manner, particularly the vowel sounds and the examples illustrating them; and especially the sounds of y and 6 and also of u, which have no exact equivalents in English.

The vowels are nine in number, a, e, i, o, u, y, a, a, 6. The principal vowel sounds, taking into consideration their quantity, pitch and manner of formation, are as follows: 1. The a-sound: a long low closed, at, vets; b short high open, all, vass. The e-sound: a long half open, er, med; b long closed, ek, het; c short closed, hem, hvem; d short open unaccented, hoger, vans ter ; e short half open unaccented, gosse, rike.

The irsound: a long pointed closed, is, vid; b short pointed open, in, ting. The u-sound: a long pointed closed, ut, gul; b short half open, ung, guld. The y-sound: a long pointed closed, ny, syn ; b short pointed closed, ylle, synd, 7. The a-sound: a long closed, rnd, gd; b long open, kol, konung; c short open, oss, maste. The d-sound: a long broad, jam, vdrld; b short broad, arr, art; c long open, at, knd; d short open, an, hast.

The o-sound: a long broad, gora, orlig; b short broad, ort, dorr; c long open, ora, skor; d short open, soft, din; e long half open, Ion, bon; f long closed, mot, do. Each vowel, thus, represents its own sound as to quan¬ tity, etc.

The vowels a, o, u, a are called hard and e, i, y, a, o are called soft vowels. Vowel change umlaut , from hard to soft vowel, a and a to a, o to 6, u to y, occurs in the inflectional forms of many words: and, duck, dnder; hand, hand, hander; man, man, man; gas, goose, gass; lang, long, langre; bok, book, bocker; jot, foot, fotter; rot, root, rot¬ ter; son, son, soner; ung, young, yngre; tung, heavy, tyngre.

Swedish employs eighteen principal consonant sounds and twenty-three consonant signs including tj, sj, and ng. Of these, b, d, h, j, 1 , m, n, p, r, s, t, v represent a single consonant sound of their own; f, g, k represent a sound of their own and also the sound of some other consonant, while c, q, w, x, z represent only the sounds of other consonants.

Three sounds, the so-called tje-, sje-, and ang-sounds, have no sign of their own, but are represented bv a combination of consonants. As to the manner of their formation, consonants are either explosives, sibilants, liquids, or nasals ; and either tonants or mutes. Thus, a explosives: b, d, g tonants , p, k, t mutes ; b sibilants: 7, j tonants , f, s, sj, tj mutes ; c liquids: 1 , r tonants ; d nasals; m, n, ng tonants.

The aspirated h, a mute guttural, is classed among the consonants, although its formation is similar to that of the vowels and consists simply in forcing the air out unobstructed through the mouth. As to the place in the mouth, where they are produced, and the organs employed principally in their production, consonants are classified as a labials: b, f, m, p, v, and b linguals, which are either 1 dentals: d, 1, n, s, t, tj. The sounds which the consonants represent. B represents its own sound regularly.

C has the sound of k hard before another con¬ sonant and before hard vowels ; and the sound of s soft before soft vowels: accent, ocksd, ceder, cirkel; pro¬ nounced absent, okksd, seder, sirkel; accent, also, cedar, circle. D has its regular sound, when sounded, except before t in the same syllable, where it is either silent or has the sound of t.

It is silent in the initial combination dj and usually when preceded and followed by n, and between n and s: god, good; dag, day; gjor d t, done or made; blan d ning, mixture; lan d smart, fellow- countryman ; nd is usually pronounced as nn in iitlanding, foreigner, smaldnding, native of Smaland, and similar derivatives from land.

F is silent before v except in compounds where f ends the preceding and v begins the succeeding member of the compound: hafva, to have; slafva, to slave; trafva, to trot; pronounced hava, slava, trava; but afvdnda, to avert, turn aside, brefvdska, letter-bag, where both the f and the v are pronounced as v: av-vanda, brev-vaska.

G has the sound of j, k, and sj besides its own sound. G has its own sound hard g; same as the sound of g in the English word go always, except 1. H is regular; silent in the initial combinations hj and hv: h jdlp, help; h vem, who. J is regular in native words. K has its own sound hard k; same as k in English always, except that it has the sound of tj soft k; same as ch in the word church in English before soft vowels in accented syllables in native words, and usually in initial accented syllables in words of foreign origin: kedja, chain; kind, cheek; kyrka, church; kdlla, spring of water ; kopa, to buy.

M, n, p, r, s, and t are all regular; q has the sound of k. V W is regular except in the word von from the German where it is pronounced as f. X has the sound of ks or s; the latter in the word xylograph, wood-carver, and in proper nouns beginning with x. Z has the sound of s.

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