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2021-05-26T18:19:39
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Oilbirds Steatornis caripensis ; Steatornithidae have a bilaterally asymmetrical bronchial syrinx Fig. The sonar clicks typically have a duration of about 40 to 50 ms and can be classified as continuous, double or single.

Agonistic squawks typically have a duration of about 0. Both sonar clicks and agonistic squawks are initiated by contraction of the sternotrachealis muscles Figs. Social vocalizations such as the agonistic squawk, continue until the sternotrachealis muscles relax Fig. Sonar clicks are terminated by rapid contraction of a previously undescribed intrinsic syringeal muscle, the broncholateralis, which inserts on the semi-ring supporting the anterior edge of the ETM and causes it to rotate about its articulation with the next anterior bronchial cartilage in such a way that it abducts the ETM Figs.

Musculus broncholateralis contracts only during sonar clicks, appears to have a high proportion of twitch-type fibers, and is specialized for the rapid abduction of the ETM to produce short duration, click-like vocalizations. Tracheal airflow and sternal air sac pressure reflect the changes in the syringeal aperture.

Tracheal airflow at first increases as expiratory effort increases subsyringeal pressure. The initial high rate of airflow drops at the onset of phonation due to the increased syringeal resistance. In the case of a double click, airflow momentarily ceases during the intraclick interval when the ETM temporarily closes the syrinx.

Air sac pressure rises to its maximum level at this time. Expiratory airflow rapidly increases as the ETM is abducted from either its closed or phonatory position to its open, resting position.

Each sonar click requires about 1 cm 3 of air; a typical agonistic squawk may use about 27 cm 3 of air Figs. Pulmonary ventilation can be controlled independently from the clicking rate by varying the tidal volume of the mini-breaths, which may be as small as the tracheal and bronchial dead space.

Mini-breaths permit oilbirds to produce click trains having a long train duration uninterrupted by a long inspiration. A dual flow probe was used to simultaneously measure the rate of airflow through each semi-syrinx during vocalization.

Both syringes functioned together except during the middle portion of some continuous type sonar clicks when sound was sometimes generated only by one semi-syrinx, the other being closed Figs. The fluid subsyringeal power reaches approximately and mW in the left and right semi-syrinx, respectively, during the second member of a double sonar click Table 6.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Rent this article via DeepDyve. Beddard FE On structural characters and classification of the cuckoos. Proc Zool Soc Lond — Google Scholar. Beddard FE On the syrinx and other points in the anatomy of the Caprimulgidae. Beddard FE On the syrinx and other points in the structure of Hierococcyx and some allied genera of cuckoos.

Ibis — Wilson Bull — Brackenbury JH Lung-air-sac anatomy and respiratory pressures in the bird. J Exp Biol — Brackenbury JH Physiological energetics of cock-crow. Nature — Brackenbury JH Respiratory mechanics of sound production in chickens and geese.

Brackenbury JH Control of sound production in the syrinx of the fowl, Gallus gallus. Brackenbury JH The structural basis of voice production and its relationship to sound characteristics. Academic Press, New York, pp 53— Calder WA Respiration during song in the canary, Serinus canaria. Comp Biochem Physiol — Auk — Duncker H-R The lung air sac system of birds. A contribution to the functional anatomy of the respiratory apparatus. Erg Anat Entwicklungsgesch — Gadow H, Selenka E Aves.

Garrod AH On some points in the anatomy of Steatornis. J Exp Zool — A comparison of pressure events in chickens to those in oscines. Condor — Griffin DR Acoustic orientation in the oilbird, Steatornis. Behav Ecol Sociobiol — Gross WB Voice production by the chicken. Poult Sci — Hess A The sarcoplasmic reticulum, the T-system and the motor terminals of slow and twitch muscle fibers in the Garter Snake. J Cell Biol — Science — Kulzer E Flughunde erzeugen Orientierungslaute durch Zungenschlag.

Naturwissenschaften — Z Vergl Physiol — Miskimen M Sound production in passerine birds. Müller J Über die Anatomie des Steatornis caripensis. Akademie der Wissenschaften Bericht, Berlin, pp — Page SG A comparison of the fine structures of frog slow and twitch muscle fibers. Pye JD Echolocation signals and echoes in air.

Plenum, New York, pp — Roberts LH Correlation of respiration and ultrasound production in rodents and bats. J Zool — J Comp Physiol — Smith DG The role of the sternotrachealis muscles in birdsong production. General behavior and breeding habits.

Zoologica — Population, breeding ecology and food. Am Zool — Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsch Akad Naturforscher. Nova Acta — Evoked activity in the tracheal muscles of the chicken Gallus gallus. Brain Behav Evol — Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar. Reprints and Permissions. Suthers, R. The physiology of vocalization by the echolocating oilbird, Steatornis caripensis.

Download citation. Accepted : 26 October Issue Date : March Search SpringerLink Search. Summary 1. Immediate online access to all issues from Subscription will auto renew annually. Taxes to be calculated in checkout. References Beddard FE On structural characters and classification of the cuckoos.

Nature — Google Scholar   Brackenbury JH Respiratory mechanics of sound production in chickens and geese. Poult Sci — Google Scholar   Hess A The sarcoplasmic reticulum, the T-system and the motor terminals of slow and twitch muscle fibers in the Garter Snake.

Suthers Authors Roderick A. Suthers View author publications. View author publications. Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions. About this article Cite this article Suthers, R.

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  • Litet företag köpt för sju miljarder. Nytt försök av SPP. Air sac pressure rises to its maximum level at this time. I familjen flyghundar finns de största fladdermössen. Den som sett tre hundra fågelarter kan offra en hel del för att få se hundra till. Telia sänker samtrafiksavgiften Telia Mobile beslutade på fredagen om nytt lägre samtrafikpris från den 1 juli för all inkommande trafik till ….

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